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高考英语词汇归类复习

jingluocom

更新时间:2周前

一、从用法上复习归纳词汇,过语法关

英语词汇大多具有本身词义外,还有其语法功能,我们在复习时就不要把着眼点单纯放在单词记忆上,而 要从它们的语法功能上去把握它们。如在复习动词时我们就要根据它们变化形式多、搭配活跃等特点,从它们的用法上进行分类记忆。这样,既可记住词汇,又可攻克语法难关。

1.宾语不同,意义也不同
英语中有些动词可同时后接不定式和动名词作宾语,但意义不同。它们是高考试题的考查重点。这类词主 要有:
go on doing(继续干同一件事) go on to do(接着去干另一件事)
stop doing sth.(停止正在干的事) stop to do sth.(停下来去干某事)
regret doing(后悔干了某事) regret to do(相当于be sorry to do)
forget/remember doing(忘记/记得已做过的事) forget/rem-ember to do(忘记/记得要干的事)
mean doing(意味着干…) mean to do(想干…)try doing(尝试做) try to do(设法做)
(95高考)"you were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.well,now i regret_____ ___that."
a.to do b.to be doing c.to have done d.having done
(92高考)"i usually go there by train.why not____________by boat for a change?"
a.to try going b.trying to go c.to try and go d.try going
(87高考)they would not allow him_________across the line. a.to risk going b.risking going c.for risk to go d.risk going

2.都可接宾语和宾补,形式却不同
某些动词如forbid,advise,allow,permit,admit,consider等直接接动词作宾语时要用动名词,但接宾补时,宾补要用不定式。如: we forbid smoking here.(宾语)we forbid you to smoke here.(宾补)you are forbidden to smoke here.(主补)

3.宾语不同、语态不同,意义却相同
有些词如need,require,want,deserve等后可接不定式(要用被动形式),可接动名词(要用主动形式表被动意义),可与worth,worthy一并记忆。两种形式意义相同。如:the room requires to be cleaned/cleaning.
(85高考)this sentence needs______________. a.an improvement b.improve c.improving d.improved

4.只接不定式作宾语的词和词组
只接不定式作宾语的词和词组有:decide,expect,refuse,wish,hope,order,promise,pretend,offer,happen,seem,make up one's mind,used,be about,be able,have等。如:(89高考)she pretended_______me when i passed by. a.not to see b.not seeing c.to not see d.having not seen

5.只接动名词作宾语的词和词组
只接动名词作宾语的词和词组:mind,risk,avoid,enjoy,escape,keep,suggest,appreciate,practise,delay,finish,feel like,look forward to,can't help,keep(on),miss,be usedto,excuse,be worth,imagine ,put off,give up等。如:
(92高考)i would appreciate_________back this afternoon.a.you to call b.you call c.your calling d.you are calling
(87高考)the squirrel was lucky that it just missed______.a.catching b.to be caught c.being caught d.to catch

6.系动词
系动词后可用名词、不定式、分词和形容词等作表语,这类词有:
表感观的系动词:look,sound,taste,smell,feel,seem,appear(这些词用形容词作表语)
表变化的系动词:become,get,turn,grow,make,come,go,fall,run表依旧的系动词:remain,keep,stay,continue,stand,rest,lie,hold
可带名词作表语的系动词:be,become,make,look,sound,fall,prove,remain,turn(该词后接的单数名词前多不用冠词。如:he turned teacher.)(91高考)these oranges taste____________.a.good b.well c.to be good d.to be well

7.含"被动"意味的动词
有些动词,如sell,open,close,wash,teach,burn,measure,cut,lock,cost,read,write,tear,wear,pull, clean,add,cook,let(出租)等,它们的主语是事物,且又是表示主语的固有特征和状态,与行为方式状语连 用时,要用主动形式表被动意义:
my pen writes smoothly.我的笔好写。oil burns easily.油易燃烧。
(88高考)that suit_________over 60 dollars.a.had costed b.costed c.is cost d.cost
(97高考)"is this raincoat yours?no,mine____________there behind the door."a.is hanging b.has hung c.hangs d.hung

8.具有两种形式的易混动词
中学英语教材中有些不规则动词有两种过去式或两种过去分词形式,使用或考测时极易弄混。如:
hang,hanged,hanged(绞死)hang,hung,hung(挂起)
light,lit,lit(点燃,作谓语)light,lighted,lighted(过去分词作形容词用时,意谓"燃烧着的",作定语)
drink,drank,drunk/drunken(喝,饮;过去分词作形容词同时,意谓"醉的",drunk多作表语,drunke n多作定语)
sink,sank,sunk/sunken(下沉;过去分词sunken作形容词用时,作定语)
bear,bore,born(出生)bear,bore,borne(结果;生育)the woman,who was born in 1940,has borne five children.[page]
lie(撒谎), lied, lied, lying lie(躺,卧,位于),lay, lain, lying
(89高考)do you know the boy___________under the big tree? a.lay b.lain c.laying d.lying

二、从搭配上复习归纳词汇,过习语关
英语词汇的搭配十分活跃,复习时我们要把重点放在某些常用的动词、名词或介词、副词。我们可按下列 方式进行对比归纳。

1.常用的搭配活跃的名词: 常用的搭配较活跃的名词有:time,way,moment,means等。如time的搭配短语在中学教材中出现有:in no time(立刻,马上),on time(按时),in time(及时、迟早、最终),at a time(一次),behind the times(落伍),behind time(不及时,晚点),at one time(曾经),for a time(一度),at othe r times(其它时候,平素),at times(有时候),at all times(一直,经常)
(93高考)if you keep on,you will succeed_____________.a.in time b.at one time c.on time d.at the same time
(94高考)don't all speak at once!___________,please.a.each at on time b.one by one time c.one for each time d.one at a time

2.常用的搭配活跃的动词: 常用的搭配活跃的动词有:look,take,make,give,get,have,go,do,turn,put,set,come等。复习时我们要尽量将具有相反意义的介词、副词与同一动词的搭配罗列在一起对比记忆,如turn一词:turn on(打开),turn off(关上),turn up(放大音量等;出现),turn down(放小音量等;拒绝) ,turn in(上交),turn against(反对),turn out(生产),turn away(避开)
(81高考)would you mind__________your radio a little? a.turn off b.turning off c.to turn down d.turning down
(92高考)readers can_______quite well without knowing the exact meaning of each word. a.get over b.get out of c.get away d.get off

3.常用的搭配活跃的介词、副词: 搭配活跃的介词、副词有:in,out,up,down,on,off,to,from,for,over,with等。复习时,我们要从不同动词、名词等与同一介词、副词搭配进行逐一过关,如on的搭配有:
①on与动词的搭配: get on(上车/船等),live on(以…为生),feed on(以…为生),take on(接受;雇用),turn on(打开开关/电器等),look on(旁观),spy on(侦察/窥探),call on(号召;拜访),go on(继续 ),have on(穿戴),dependon(依*),wait on(侍候),carry on(执行),hold on(坚持),insi st on(坚持),play tr-icks on(戏弄),fix on(注视),impress on(留下印象)
②on与名词搭配(注意冠词的取舍):on duty(值班),on business(因公;因事),on fire(燃烧),on show(展览),on time(准时) ,on strike(罢工),on watch(监视,观察),on sale(出售;大减价),on earth(到底,究竟),on journey(旅游),on foot(步行),on purpose(故意),on the way(在路上),on the contrary(相 反),on one hand(一方面),on the right(在右边),on the whole(总而言之),on one's own(独自 ),on one's side(支持,站在某一方),on holiday/leave(度假/请假)
③其它情况:later on(后来),from now/then on(从现在/那时起),on account of(由于,因为)
(93高考)we offered him our congratulations_______his passing the college entrance exams. a.at b.on c.for d.of
(91高考)a new school was___________in the village last year. a.held up b.set up c.sent up d.brought up

三、从对比词/词组的同义、词序或结构等复习归纳词汇,过辨析关

1.动作动词和结果动词: 英语中有些动词虽然意义相同,但用法不同,有的表示某个动作,而另一个则表示该动作所产生的结果,这类动词常见的有:look for(寻找),find(找到);look(看),see(看见);listen(听),hear(听到);try(试 图,不说明是否成功),manage(设法,侧重做到);advise(劝告,不说明是否劝成),persuade(劝服, 侧重劝成功)
(87高考)how can you__________if you are not_________? a.listen,hearing b.hear,listening c.be listening,heard d.be hearing,listened to

2.词序不同、意思就不同: 有少量词组颠倒词序后意思和用法就不同了,常见的有:before long(不久以后),long before(很久以前)turn in(上交;就寝),in turn(按次序,轮流)hand in(上交),in hand(在手边)from far(来自远方),far from(离得远;远非)much too(非常,修饰形容词或副词),too much(太多,修饰名词,也可作名词)if only(要是…),only if(只有…)all in(精疲力尽),in all(总共)good for(对…有好处),for good(永远)
(95上海)it was__________late to catch a bus after the party,therefore we called a taxi. a.too very b.much too c.too much d.far
before long,he moved to london and made london the base for his revolutionary work.[page]
it was not long before the whole country rose up and drove the aus trians out of their homeland.

3.动词后有无介词,意思不同: 因有无介词而词义不同的动词在中学英语教材中较多,常见的如:search(对人、物或场所搜查),search for(搜寻人、物或场所)leave(离开某地),leave for(去某地)reach(到达;拿到),reach for(伸手去拿)prepare(准备),prepare for(为…作准备)enter(进入),enter for(报名参加)run(经营;跑),run for(竞选)stand(站;忍受),stand for(代表)answer(回答),answer for(负责)know(了解,知道),know about(知道关于…)pay(付钱、债给某人),pay for(付钱买某物)
the baby reached for the apple but he couldn't reach it.那婴儿伸手去拿苹果,但够不到。
the mayor who used to run a small shop will run for the senate.那个曾经营过一家小店的市长准备去竞选参议员。

4.有无-ly,意思和用法都不同: 这词在教材中较多。一般来说,在形容词后加了-ly成了副词,但有些形容词不加-ly时也可作副词,因而 在使用或考测时学生常混淆不清,复习时可按用法分类记忆:
a.表具体(无-ly)和抽象(有-ly)的区别:wide(宽广),widely(广泛地)deep(深),deeply(深深地)high(高,位置高),highly(高度地)low(位置低),lowly(地位卑微)
b.有无-ly,意思不同:near(近,附近),nearly(几乎)hard(努力),hardly(几乎不)most(大部分),mostly(主要地)like(象…一样),likely(大概,也许)dear(昂贵),dearly(深切地;昂贵地)close(*近地),closely(密切地)late(迟到),lately(最近)bad(坏),badly(恶劣地;严重地)

5.合写与分写时意思不同:这类词在拼法上一样,但合写和分写在用法和意义上却不同,常见的词有:sometime(某个时候),some time(一段时间)sometimes(有时),some times(几次)everyday(adj."日常的",作定语),every day(每天)anyway(adv.无论怎样),any way(以任何方式)altogether(总共,完全),all together(一道,一起)already(已经),all ready(都已准备好)everyone(每个人,指人,不可接of短语),every one (每个人或物,后可接of短语)none(没有,可指人或物),no one(没有,专指人)
(95高考)they were all very tired,but_____of them would stop to take a rest. a.any b.some c.none d.neither

6.差了一个字母a,意思大不同: 这类词不多,但在练习中极易出错,使?在练习中ec淆,因而要从用法和意义上加以辨别。如:
alive(adj."活着的",作表语),live(adj.修饰物,作定语:a live fire)
alone(adj.,adv."独自",作形容词时作表语),lone(adj."孤独的;偏僻的",作定语)
asleep(adj."熟睡的",常作表语),sleep(v.,n.睡着)
awake(adj.,v."醒着;叫醒",作形容词时作表语),wake(v.叫醒)
alike(adj."相象的",表语形容词),like(v.,prep.,adj.喜欢;象…一样)
arise(vi.产生;发生;出现),rise(vi.起来;上涨;上升)
across(prep.,adv.穿过;横过),cross(v.穿过;横过)
await(vt."等候",直接接宾语),wait(vi."等候",不及物动词)
aloud(adv."大声地",与read,call,cry等连用,无比较级形式),loud(adv."大声地,响亮地", 常与talk,speak,shout,laugh等词连用)
注意:有a-的形容词常作表语,作定语时则要后置。如:it's difficult for the man awake to fall asleep again.

四、归纳易拼错的常用词,过拼写关
归纳易拼错的常用词如:quarrel,immerdiately,camera,umbrella,envelope,develop,popular,republic ,public,appreciate,pronunciation等,攻克单词拼写难关。

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