2023届高考英语第一轮语法专题教案(精选2篇)
2023届高考英语第一轮语法专题教案 第1篇
XX年高三年级一轮复习金子般的学案语法部分:动词的时态和语态(新人教版)
英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示,这种表示动作或状态发生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词的时态。
语态是描述句子中动词和参与此动作之主语之间关系的一个术语。当主语是动作的发起者(或之一)时,称为主动语态;如果主语为动作之承受者,称为被动语态。
一、动词时态
1. 一般现在时(动词用原形或单数第三人称后加-s / -es)
【完成例句】
(1)地理老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。
the geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
【结论1】表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)。
【翻译句子】
(2) we always care for each other and help each other.
我们一直互相关心、互相帮助。
【结论2】表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词;表示经常或习惯性的动作,多用动作动词,且常与表频率的时间状语连用。
【翻译句子】
(3) all the students here belong to no. 1 middle school.
这儿所有学生都是一中的。
【结论3】表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时:see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem等。
【翻译句子】
(4)the shop closes at 11:00 p. m. every day.
这家商店每天晚上11:00 关门。
【结论4】少数用于表示起止的动词如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时,表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,只用一般现在时。
【疑难1】
if you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.
【疑难剖析1】在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”,但不表示时态。
【疑难2】
the more you practise, the better your english will be.
【疑难剖析2】在the+比较级…,the+比较级…句型中,前者通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
【疑难3】
see to it that you are not late again.
【疑难剖析3】在make sure, see to it, mind, care, matter后的宾语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时代替一般将来。
2. 一般过去时(v.-ed或不规则变化)
【翻译句子】
(5) i met her in the street yesterday.
我昨天在街上遇到了她。
(6) i thought the film would be interesting, but it isn't.
我原以为这部电影会很有趣,但实际上并不是。
【结论1】一般过去时的基本用法:
①表示过去的事情、动作或状态,常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示);
②用于表达过去的习惯;表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去时。
【翻译句子】
(7) he told me he read an interesting novel last night.
他告诉我他昨晚看了一本有趣的小说。
【结论2】如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语,尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生,但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去式。
【结论3】表示两个紧接着发生的动作,常由以下词语连接,用一般过去时。常见连词有:but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。如:he rushed into the room and sat down immediately.
3. 一般将来时
【翻译句子】
(8)我们下周将会讨论这个话题。
we will talk about this topic next week.
【结论1】表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词(常与表示将来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow,next week等)。
【翻译句子】
(9) the bus is coming.
公共汽车就要到了。
【结论2】表示一种趋向或习惯动作。表示趋向行为的动词,如come,go,start,begin,leave等词,常用进行时的形式表示将来时。
【疑难1】
— you've left the light on.
— oh, so i have. i'll go and turn it off.
【疑难剖析1】 shall / will do表示未事先考虑过,即说话时临时作出的决定。
【疑难2】
study hard, and you will pass the exam.
【疑难剖析2】 在祈使句+and / or+陈述句句型中,陈述句中只能用will / 情态动词+动词原形。
【疑难3】
if it is fine, we'll go fishing. (√)
if it is fine, we are going to go fishing. (×)
【疑难剖析3】be going to表示现在打算最近或将来要做某事,这种打算往往经过事先考虑,甚至已做了某种准备;表将来,不能用在条件状语从句的主句中;而will则表意愿。
【疑难4】
a meeting is to be held at 3:00 this afternoon.
【疑难剖析4】be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作,还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。
【疑难5】
autumn harvest is about to start.
【疑难剖析5】be about to do sth.表示“即将,就要”,后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。
4. 现在进行时(am / is / are + v.-ing)
【疑难1】
he is teaching english and learning chinese.
the girl is always talking loud in public.
【疑难剖析1】表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作;表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时;表近期特定的安排或计划;go,come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时 (与always, often等频率副词连用,表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)。
【疑难2】the room remains clean.
you are allowed to speak here.
【疑难剖析2】下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时:
a. 表示心理状态、情感的动词:like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。
b. 表存在的状态的动词:appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。
c. 表示瞬间动作的动词:allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。
d. 表示感官的动词:see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。
5. 过去完成时(had+ v.-ed)
【完成例句】
(10)到去年为止我们已经生产了XX0辆车。
by the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.
【结论1】在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句,其谓语动词则表示在某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。
【完成例句】
(11)jack到的时候,mary已经走了将近一小时了。
when jack arrived, mary had been away for almost an hour.
【结论2】表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态,即“从过去到过去”。
【完成例句】
(12)我原本想送给他一张圣诞卡的,但我忘了。
i had hoped to send him a christmas card, but i forgot to do so.
【结论3】表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended / thought / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示,即:hoped / planned…+ to have done。
【疑难1】
xiao hua left school 3 years ago.
he said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before.
【疑难剖析1】“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语,谓语动词用过去完成时;“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语,谓语动词用一般过去时。
【疑难2】
we had no sooner been seated than the bus started.
= no sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
【疑难剖析2】hardly / scarcely…when (before);no sooner…than表示“一……就……”。
【疑难3】
after he (had)left the room, the boss came in. we arrived home before it snowed.
【疑难剖析3】在before或after引导的时间状语从句中,用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
【疑难4】[ ]
it was the second time that he had been out with her.
【疑难剖析4】it / that / this was the first(second,third…)time+that从句中,用过去完成时。
6. 过去将来时(would do, was / were going to do)
【完成例句】
(13)我说我会安排一切的。
i said i would arrange everything.
【结论】过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的事情。
【疑难1】
he was leaving for beijing.
【疑难剖析1】come, go, leave等用过去进行时表过去将来时。
【疑难2】
i was about to leave when the telephone rang.
【疑难剖析2】was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth. 表过去将来, was / were to do sth.常与when搭配。
7. 过去进行时(was / were +v.-ing)
【完成例句】
(14)在XX年夏天她在欧洲旅行。
during the summer of , she was traveling in europe.
【结论1】过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。
【翻译句子】[ ]
(15)①门铃响的时候,他正在看一本小说。
he was reading a novel when the door bell rang.
②我在想你能否载我一程。
i was wondering if you could give me a lift.
【结论2】
①某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生,其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。
②过去进行时可以表示委婉语气。
8. 现在完成时(has / have+v.-ed)
【翻译句子】
(16)我已经看过这部电影了。(强调现在已经知道电影内容)
i have seen the film already.
【结论1】表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作,强调结果的影响。
【翻译句子】
(17)过去的几年我们已经种了成千上万棵树。
we've planted thousands of trees in the past few years.
(18)他们自XX年一直生活在这儿。
they've lived here since .
【结论2】表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与since+时间点,for+时间段及介词短语during / in / over the last (past)few years (months, weeks), in recent years等连用。
【疑难1】
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:
i closed the door. (强调关门的动作曾发生在过去)
i have closed the door. (强调现在门还是关着的)
【疑难剖析1】虽然动作都发生在过去,但现在完成时强调对现在造成的影响,而一般过去时的动作与现在没任何联系了。
【疑难2】
it is 3 weeks since i got here.
this is the second time that i have played this game.
【疑难剖析2】 下列句型中常用现在完成时:
it is (has been)+ 一段时间 + since从句
this(that / it)is the first(second…)time that + 完成时
this(that / it)is the only…+ that + 完成时
this(that / it)is the best / finest / most interesting…+ that+完成时
【疑难3】
don't get off the bus until it has stopped.
【疑难剖析3】 在时间或条件状语从句中,现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。
【疑难4】
i haven't met him for two years.
试比较:
i have bought the computer for a year. (×)
i have kept the computer for a year. (√)
【疑难剖析4】非延续性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow等的完成时态,在肯定句中不能与for 或since 等引导的时间段连用,要转化为相应意义的延续性动词才能与一段时间连用。其否定式可与这类时间状语连用。
二、被动语态
(一)常考时态的被动语态
以下是常见的8种时态的被动语态:
时态结构例句
一般现在时助动词(am / is / are)+ 动词的过去分词this kind of car is made in shanghai.
一般过去时助动词(was / were)+ 动词的过去分词was this novel written by his father?
时态结构例句
一般将来时will / be going to + be + 动词的过去分词the baby will be taken good care of in the hospital.
现在进行时助动词(am / is / are)+ being + 动词的过去分词the problem is being discussed by the students.
过去进行时助动词(was / were)+ being + 动词的过去分词the light was being fixed when the electricity was cut off.
时态结构例句
现在完成时助动词(have / has) + been + 动词的过去分词she has been told the news.
过去完成时助动词(had) + been + 动词的过去分词the work had been done before i arrived.
过去将来时would (was / were going to)be+动词的过去分词[ ]i did not say that the equipment would be changed.
(二)被动语态的用法
【完成例句】
(19)新的课本将在下学期被使用。
the new test book will be used next term.
【结论1】动作的执行者不知道是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态。
【完成例句】
(20)这种自行车在我们店没有卖。
this kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.
(21)那个贼昨天被警察抓了。
the thief was caught by a policeman yesterday.
【结论2】当动作的承受者比起动作的执行者来说更能引起人们的关心而需要加以强调时,要用被动语态。
【完成例句】
(22)学生被钢琴家提了一些建议。
some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.
=the pupils were given some advice by the pianist.
【结论3】含有双宾语的句子,主动句中的间接宾语或者直接宾语都可变为被动语态中的主语,另一个保留不变。变为主语的若是主动句中的直接宾语,间接宾语前则需加介词to 或for。
【完成例句】
(23)他们被老板强迫一天工作10小时。
they were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.
(24)他被看见进入房子。
he was seen to enter the house.
【结论4】在主动语态句中动词make, have, let, see, watch, hear, feel等后接动词不定式作宾语补足语,动词不定式不加to。但变成被动语态时后面的不定式都须加上to。
【完成例句】
(25)众所周知纸最先被中国发明。
it is known that paper was first made in china.
(26)纸被认为最先被中国发明。
paper was known to be first made in china.
【结论5】当句子的谓语为say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consider, report等时,被动语态有两种形式:a. 谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主补。b. 用it作形式主语,真正的主语在后面,用主语从句来表示。
类似句型有:it is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped / thought that…
(三)不能用被动语态的几种情况
【完成例句】
(27)我的家乡近来发生了很大的变化。(take place)
great changes have taken place recently in my hometown.
【结论1】所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
【完成例句】
(28)他看起来像他父亲。
he looks like his father.
【结论2】表示状态的谓语动词,如:hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, last, look like, consist of等不用于被动。
【翻译句子】
(29)这支笔属于tom。
the pen belongs to tom.
【结论3】表示归属的动词,如:have, own, belong to等不用于被动。
【翻译句子】
(30)我想要些苹果。
i would like some apples.
【结论4】表示“希望, 意图”的动词,如:wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等不用于被动。
【完成例句】
(31)小孩自己会穿衣服了。
the baby can dress himself now.
【结论5】宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态,不能用被动语态。
【完成例句】
(32)他过着一种简单的生活。
he lives a simple life.
【结论6】宾语是同源宾语,不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。
【翻译句子】
(33)这种衣服很好卖。
this kind of clothes sell well.
【结论7】有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义,特别是当主语是物时。常见的动词有sell, write, wash, open, lock等。
【疑难1】
主动形式表被动意义
my pen writes smoothly.
the car needs repairing.
the book is worth reading.
the question is hard to answer.
【疑难剖析1】①当feel, look, smell, taste, sound等后接形容词时;当cut, read, sell, wear, write等词接状语修饰语时;当动词表示“开始、发生、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时,均用主动表被动。
②want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。[ ]
③be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
④在“be + 形容词 + to do”中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语,用主动表被动。
另外:be to blame(受谴责),be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。
【疑难2】
被动形式表示主动意义
he is seated on a bench. (he seats himself on a bench. )
he was hidden behind the door. (he hid himself behind the door. )
【疑难剖析2】被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。
①be seated坐着
②be hidden躲藏
③be lost迷路
④be drunk喝醉
⑤be dressed穿着
【疑难3】
被动语态与系表结构的区别
the book was sold by a certain bookstore. (被动语态)
the book is well sold. (系表结构)
【疑难剖析3】被动语态强调动作;系表结构表主语的特点或状态。
2023届高考英语第一轮语法专题教案 第2篇
XX年高三年级一轮复习金子般的学案语法部分:省略、插入语和反意疑问句(新人教版)
省略
在英语中,有时为了避免结构上或内容上的重复,并使上下文紧密连接;有时因为语法的客观要求,句子中的一个或几个成分不需要表达出来,这种现象称为省略。省略有词法上的省略,也有句法上的省略,还有一种替代省略。省略部分的成分和含义可从上下文或具体语言环境中找到而且是有章可循的。
【省略的类型】
一、简单句中的省略
【翻译句子】
(1)好久不见了!
haven't seen you for ages! (省略主语)
(2)你要什么东西吗?
(is there) anything you want? (省略谓语)
(3)我不知道他是谁。
i don't know (who he is).(省略宾语)
(4)你有墨水吗?
(have you) got any ink? (省略主语和谓语或谓语的一部分,只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分)
【结论1】
有些简单句中可以省略主语、谓语、宾语或主语和谓语。
二、 并列句中的省略
【翻译句子】
(5)他教英语,他弟弟教数学。
he teaches english and his brother maths.
【结论】在并列句中,如果后面的分句与前面的分句有相同的部分,这一部分则常被省略掉,以免重复。
三、复合句中的省略
1. 在含有状语从句的复合句中
【翻译句子】
(6)当被问到她是谁的时候,她一句话也没说。
when (she was) asked, she didn't answer a word.
【结论1】在含有状语从句的复合句中,若从句的主句是it或与主句的主语相同,且在谓语中含有be时,常省略从句的主语和be。
【疑难1】
should it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit till next week.
要是明天下雨的话,我们将不得不将访问推迟到下个礼拜。
【疑难剖析1】虚拟条件句中,含had, were, should时,若将它们提到句首,则需省略if。
【疑难2】this car doesn't run as fast as that one.
这辆车没有那一辆开得快。
i know you can do better than peter.
我知道你比彼得做得好。
【疑难剖析2】在as (so)…as…, than引导的比较状语从句中省略谓语。
【疑难3】
child as he is, he knows a lot.
尽管是个孩子,他却懂得很多。
【疑难剖析3】在as引导的让步状语从句中,当作表语的名词提前时,冠词要省略。
2.在限定性定语从句中
【翻译句子】
(7)他曾想做的就是去购物。
all he ever wants to do is going shopping.
(8)令我吃惊的不是他所说的内容,而是他说话的方式。
what surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.
【结论2】定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that,which, whom可以省略;在以the same… as和such… as引导的定语从句中,可以省略与主句相同的部分;the way后面的定语从句中,可以省略that,in which。
3. 名词性从句中的省略
【翻译句子】
(9) he said he had arrived here two days before and that he had lived in a hotel.
他说他两天前就到了,而且已经在一家旅馆住下了。
【结论3】引导宾语从句的连词that在口语中常常省略,或并列的宾语从句中的第一个连词that也能省略。
【翻译句子】
(10) someone has used my bike, but i don't know who.
有人用过我的自行车了,但我不知道是谁。
【结论4】作宾语的wh-从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同,则what从句可以省略谓语,甚至主语。
【完成例句】
(11)我们和老人说话要有礼貌,这很重要。
it's important that we speak to the old politely.
【结论5】在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中,从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。这些句子一般包含如下动词及其派生词:
一个坚持(insist),二个命令(order, command),三个建议(suggest, propose, advise ),四个要求(demand, require, request, ask)。
【完成例句】
(12)这个问题应该马上解决,这是必要的。
it is necessary that the problem be solved at once.
【结论6】 it is necessary (important, impossible, strange, natural, a pity, no wonder) that…主语从句中,should可以省略。
四、动词不定式中的省略
【完成例句】
(13)我认为他很傻。
i consider him (to be) stupid.
【结论1】有些动词,如:believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构to be + n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略。
【例句观察】
they made the workers work more than 16 hours a day. (主动)
the workers were made to work more than 16 hours a day. (被动)
他们要求工人每天工作16个多小时。
【结论2】在see, watch, hear, feel, observe, notice, look at, listen to等感官动词及使役动词let, make, have 后的“宾语+动词不定式作宾语补足语”的结构中,不定式符号to须省略,但这类结构变成被动语态时,其后的不定式要还原加上to。
【例句观察】
——你买到票了吗?
— did you get a ticket?
——没有。我想买的,可是卖完了。
— no, i meant to (get one), but there weren't any left.
【结论3】动词不定式在like, love, care, want, hope, wish, expect, prefer, refuse, decide, mean, intend, try, promise等动词后作宾语时,为了避免重复,常承前省略不定式后的内容,但要保留不定式符号to。
特别注意:want, like用在 when, if, what,as 引导的从句中,其后的to也常可省略,如:i've decided to do what i like.
【翻译句子】
(14)除了等待,我们什么也做不了。
we do nothing now but wait. =we have nothing to do but wait.
(15) i can not but admire his courage.
我不得不敬佩他的勇气。
(16)他别无选择,只好接受事实。
he has no choice but to accept the fact.
【结论4】在can not but, can not choose but, do nothing but…, can't help but…, prefer to do rather than do …, would do… rather than… 之后的动词不定式一般不带to;but之前有实义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done 而且其宾语是something,nothing,anything和everything等不定代词时,也不带to, 否则要带to。
【例句观察】
i'm really puzzled what to think or say.
我真不知该想什么,该说什么。
【结论5】在并列结构中为了避免重复,后一个to省略。但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时,则后一个to不能省略。如:
i can not to scold but to praise you.
【例句观察】
why talk so much about it?
关于此事你为什么说了那么多?
why not try it again?
为什么不再试试?
【结论6】在why, why not 引导的特殊问句中后跟省略to的动词不定式。
【例句观察】
i don't want to wait for him, but i have to.
我并不想等他的,可我又不得不这样。
he doesn't like fish, but he used to.
他不喜欢吃鱼,但他以前很喜欢。
— why didn't you come to our party?
——你为什么不来参加舞会?
— i was going to,but i had a report to write.
——我本想来的,但我有个报告要写,来不了。
【结论7】动词不定式与 be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等构成复合谓语时,不定式结构常可省略,但要保留不定式符号to。
【完成句子】
(17) you may go if you wish to.
你想去就去吧。
(18) don't go till i tell you to.
我没叫你走就别走。
【结论8】动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略,主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词,为了避免重复,句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形,而保留不定式符号to。
【例句观察】
the students want to enter the lab, but the monitor advises them not to (enter the lab).
学生们都想进实验室,但班长建议他们别进去。
【结论9】动词不定式在 ask, warn, tell, advise, force, wish, expect, allow, permit, invite, persuade, order, would like, forbid等动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语时,常可省略。
【例句观察】
——陪我去购物好吗?
— could you go shopping with me?
——我很乐意。
— i'm glad to (go shopping with you).
【结论10】系动词(be)+形容词,即be afraid / ready / glad / happy / willing等后面接不定式时有时为了避免重复,常省略与上文表达相同意思的不定式符号to之后的内容,只保留不定式符号。
特别注意:承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词have或be,则要保留be或have,如:
— are you a doctor?
— no, but i used to be
五、某些词法上的省略
1. 名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略
1)这些是约翰的书,那些是玛丽的。
these are john's books and those are mary's.
【结论1】如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现,则可以省略。
2)怀特先生现在在诊所。
mr. white is now at the doctor's.
【结论2】名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。如:at mr. green's ,to my uncle's,at the barber's。
2. 冠词的省略
1)第二天我们来到农场帮助农场主收获庄稼。
we went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day.
【结论1】在the next day (morning, week, year…)等短语中,有时为了使语气紧凑,定冠词the 常可以省略。
2)她在班上歌唱得最好。
she sings best in the class.
【结论2】在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略。
3)我们老师手里拿着书走了进来。[ ]
our teacher came in, a book in hand.
=our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.
【结论3】在某些独立主格结构中,冠词常可以省略。
3. 介词的省略
1) both (of)the films were interesting.
这两部电影都很有趣。
she invited both of us to her birthday party.
她邀请了我们俩参加她的生日聚会。
【结论1】 both 后常跟of短语,其后可以接名词复数形式,也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接复数名词时,介词of可以省略,但接代词宾格时,of不能省略。
2)these shoes are worn out. they have lasted (for) a long time.
这些鞋子很旧了。它们已经穿了好长时间了。 【结论2】在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中,一段时间前的介词for可以省略。
3)the letter was posted yesterday.
这封信是昨天寄的。
【结论3】被动结构中,如果没有必要强调动作的执行者,则可以省略介词by短语。
4)can you stop him (from)going swimming in the river?
你能否阻止他去河里游泳?
【结论4】和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词,如:consider… (as)…, prevent / stop… (from) doing…, have trouble / difficulty… (in) doing…,spend… (in / on) doing… 中的介词可以省略。
六、替代性省略
1)— do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting?
—你认为他会去参加会议吗?
—i suppose not.
—我想不会。
【结论1】在一些交际用语中的某些动词,如:think, suppose, expect, believe,guess等后常常和so, not等连用,以替代上文出现的内容。
2)— i don't think i can walk any further.
——我想我是再也走不动了。
— neither can i. let's stop here for a rest.
——我也是。我们停下休息一会儿吧。
【结论2】“so / nor (neither)+谓语+主语”这种句型是用来替代前面提到的情况,表明它也适用于后者。
【特别提醒】省略在语言中,尤其在对话中,是一种十分普遍的现象;省略的考查已成为高考中的热点。
插入语
插入语通常与句中其他成分没有语法上的关系,插入语多半用逗号与句子隔开,用来表示说话者对句子所表达的意思的态度,对句子表达起修饰、强调、缓和语气等作用。插入语可能是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。掌握插入语不仅有助于正确理解句意,灵活运用插入语于书面表达中还能提高作文的得分。
一、常用作插入语的副词
【例句观察】
surely, she won't go to china telecom with you.
strangely, he has not been to china unicom. still more strangely, he has not called me.
fortunately, i found the book that i had lost.
【结论1】indeed 的确 surely 无疑
however 然而 obviously 显然
frankly 坦率地 naturally 自然而然的
fortunately 幸运地 strangely 奇怪
honestly 真诚地 briefly 简单地说 luckily 幸运的是
二、常见的作插入语的形容词或其短语
【例句观察】
strange to say, he should have done such a thing.[ ]
most important of all, you each over fulfilled your own task.
【结论2】strange to say 说来也怪
needless to say 不用说
most important of all 最为重要的是
worse still 更糟糕的是
三、常用作插入语的介词短语
【例句观察】
of course, he did not succeed for the lack of experience.
she knows much more about computer science than the other students do, for instance.
in a few words (或in sum, in short) 简而言之
【结论】in his opinion (judgment) 按照他的意见(判断)
in other words 换句话说
in a sense 在某种意义上
in general 一般说来
in my view 在我看来
in conclusion 总之
in summary 概括地说
in fact 事实上
in addition 此外
of course 当然
as a matter of fact 事实上
to our knowledge 据我们所知
for instance (或example) 例如
to my joy (delight, satisfaction)
使我欣慰(高兴、满意)的是[ ]
to their surprise (astonishment, amazement)
使他们惊奇的是
to her regret (disappointment)
使她遗憾(失望)的是
四、常用作插入语的分词短语
【例句观察】
judging from his letter, a campaign against “white pollution” has been under taken in his hometown.
generally speaking, boys like football much more than girls.
【结论】strictly speaking 严格地说
generally speaking 一般地说
judging from…根据……判断
given…鉴于…… considering…考虑到……
【注意】不要把以上插入语理解为现在分词短语作状语,因为它们与主语之间没有主谓关系也无动宾关系,如上两句中speaking和judging的动作都不是句中主语发出的。[ ]
五、常用作插入语的不定式短语
【例句观察】
to be sure, community service can aid reemployment.
【结论】to be sure无疑地 to sum up 概括地说
to tell the truth 老实说 to start with 首先
六、插入句
【例句观察】
it will result in success, i suppose.
one day, it is said, newton saw an apple fall from a tree.
what is more important, information superhighways can carry great amounts of information around the country quickly and cheaply.
【结论】i am sure 我可以肯定地说
i believe 我相信
i wonder 我想知道 you know 你知道
you see 你明白 that is 也就是说
it seems 看来是 as i see it 照我看来
i'm afraid 恐怕 it is said 据说
what is important (serious) 重要(严重)的是
反意疑问句
【例句观察】
somebody phoned while i was out, didn't they?
everyone enjoyed the party, didn't they?
nobody wants to go there, does he?
there's no help for it, is there?
there's something wrong, isn't there?
【结论1】当陈述部分的主语是everybody, everyone, someone, nobody, no one, somebody等合成代词时,附加疑问部分的主语通常用they。但亦可用he, 尤其是nobody, no one等作主语,具有否定概念时。
【结论2】当陈述句为there be结构时,附加疑问部分的主语也用there。
【例句观察】
bob rarely got drunk, did he?
few people know him, do they?
she seldom goes to the cinema, does she?
【结论3】陈述部分带有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定词或半否定词时,附加疑问部分的动词用肯定形式。
【例句观察】
he was unsuccessful, wasn't he?
tom dislikes the book, doesn't he?
【结论4】如果陈述部分的否定词带有否定前缀,那么,该陈述部分作肯定处理,附加疑问部分一般仍用否定形式。
【例句观察】
she says that i did it, doesn't she?
i told them not everybody could do it, didn't i?.
【结论5】当陈述部分为主从复合句时,附加疑问部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。
【注意】但当陈述部分的主语是i, 谓语是think, believe, suppose, expect这类动词时,附加疑问部分则往往与从句中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系,但要注意否定转移。
i suppose that he's serious, isn't he?
i don't think she cares, does he?
【例句观察】
xiao lin has been writing letters all afternoon but he should finish them now, shouldn't he?
【结论6】当陈述部分为主从复合句时,附加疑问部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。
【例句观察】
don't open the door, will you?
give me some cigarettes, can you?
take a rest, why don't you?
【结论7】在由“祈使句+附加疑问”构成的附加疑问句中,附加疑问部分一般用will you, won't you, would you, 有时也可用can you, can't you, why don't you, could you等。
【注意】但是,以let's开头的祈使句,附加疑问部分用shall we;以let us开头的祈使句,附加疑问部分用will you。
let's have a basketball match this afternoon, shall we?
let us go out for a rest, will you?
【例句观察】
the old man used to smoke, didn't/ usedn't he?[ ]
tom used to live here, usedn't /didn't he?
【结论8】当陈述部分含有情态动词used to时,疑问部分可用usedn't或didn't。
【例句观察】
learning how to repair motors takes a long time, doesn't it?
between six and seven will suit you, won't it?
where to hold the meeting has not been decided, has it?
【结论9】陈述句子中的主语为动词不定式短语、动名词短语或其他短语时,疑问部分的主语通常用it。
【例句观察】
i wish to have a chance to learn english, may_i?
【结论10】陈述句中的谓语动词是wish, 表示愿望时用may, 且用肯定形式。
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